Plants - Revision history

Neville Reid: /* Full list of banned and restricted plants */ missed a star

2025-04-14T13:23:29Z

Full list of banned and restricted plants: missed a star

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 14 April 2025
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	* ''Persicaria wallichii'' (''Koenigia polystachya'', Himalayan knotweed) S, NI, RI		* ''Persicaria wallichii'' (''Koenigia polystachya'', Himalayan knotweed) S, NI, RI
	* ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Polygonum perfoliatum'' (''Persicaria perfoliata'', Asiatic tearthumb, mile-a-minute weed) EU		* ''Polygonum perfoliatum'' (''Persicaria perfoliata'', Asiatic tearthumb, mile-a-minute weed) EU *
	* ''Prosopis juliflora'' (mesquite) EU *		* ''Prosopis juliflora'' (mesquite) EU *
	* ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' (kudzu) EU *		* ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' (kudzu) EU *

Neville Reid: /* Full list of banned and restricted plants */ clarify, in EW

2025-04-13T14:36:41Z

Full list of banned and restricted plants: clarify, in EW

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:36, 13 April 2025
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	=== Full list of banned and restricted plants ===		=== Full list of banned and restricted plants ===
	The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in Europe ("EU", including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales ("EW"), Scotland ("S"), Northern Ireland ("NI"), Republic of Ireland ("RI"). * denotes the 36 species banned from being planted anywhere; others may be planted on your land but must not be allowed to spread into the wild.		The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in Europe ("EU", including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales ("EW"), Scotland ("S"), Northern Ireland ("NI"), Republic of Ireland ("RI"). * denotes the 36 species banned from being planted anywhere; others may be planted on your land (at least in EW) but must not be allowed to spread into the wild.

	* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU *		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU *

Neville Reid: /* Full list of banned plants */ merge common names from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales#list-of-invasive-plant-species, tag banned plants

2025-04-13T14:35:06Z

Full list of banned plants: merge common names from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales#list-of-invasive-plant-species, tag banned plants

Neville Reid: /* External links */ GOV.UK (includes lists sorted by common name)

2025-04-12T12:33:52Z

External links: GOV.UK (includes lists sorted by common name)

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 12 April 2025
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	==External links==		==External links==
	*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-prohibited-plants-plant-pests-pathogens-and-soil Moving specified plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil] – GOV.UK		*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-prohibited-plants-plant-pests-pathogens-and-soil Moving specified plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil] – GOV.UK
	*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales#list-of-invasive-plant-species Invasive non-native (alien) plant species: rules in England and Wales]		*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales#list-of-invasive-plant-species Invasive non-native (alien) plant species: rules in England and Wales] – GOV.UK (includes lists sorted by common name)
	*[https://nbn.org.uk/news/be-plant-wise/ Be Plant Wise], National Biodiversity Network		*[https://nbn.org.uk/news/be-plant-wise/ Be Plant Wise], National Biodiversity Network
	*[https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise Be Plant Wise], GB Non-Native Species Secretariat		*[https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise Be Plant Wise], GB Non-Native Species Secretariat

Neville Reid: add current GOV.UK page as suggested at https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/latest-rules-request/8484/31, prune old regs

2025-04-12T12:32:51Z

add current GOV.UK page as suggested at https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/latest-rules-request/8484/31, prune old regs

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:32, 12 April 2025
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	Freegling plants is great, but there are some invasive species that should not be allowed to be spread.		Freegling plants is great, but there are some invasive species that should not be allowed to be spread.
	After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.		After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.

			[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales GOV.UK] says that in England and Wales you must not do any of the following with invasive alien plants:
			*import
			*keep
			*breed
			*transport
			*sell
			*grow, cultivate or permit to reproduce
			These rules also apply to specimens of listed invasive alien species, including any:
			*live part of the species, such as seeds or cuttings that might grow or reproduce
			*hybrids, varieties or breeds of such a species that might survive and subsequently reproduce

	==Plants banned from propagation==		==Plants banned from propagation==
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	Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated; the most common are:		Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated; the most common are:

	===Yellow ~~Skunk Cabbage~~ (Lysichiton americanus)===		===Yellow skunk cabbage (''Lysichiton americanus'')===
	The sale or release of Yellow ~~Skunk Cabbage [Lysichiton americanus]~~ (including the spread into neighbouring gardens) was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations on Invasive Alien Species in March 2016.		The sale or release of Yellow skunk cabbage (including the spread into neighbouring gardens) was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations on Invasive Alien Species in March 2016.
	The RHS advised then that "Gardeners who already have it in their gardens must ensure it does not spread further."		The RHS advised then that "Gardeners who already have it in their gardens must ensure it does not spread further."

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	For more info see [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/assets/Good_Practice_Management_-_American_skunk_cabbage.pdf Good practice management guidance for American skunk cabbage (PDF)] - RAPID (2018).		For more info see [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/assets/Good_Practice_Management_-_American_skunk_cabbage.pdf Good practice management guidance for American skunk cabbage (PDF)] - RAPID (2018).

	===Giant ~~Hogweed~~ (Heracleum mantegazzianum)===		===Giant hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'')===
	A close relative of cow parsley, it can reach over 3m (10ft) in height. It is potentially invasive and the sap can cause severe skin burns. It is widely distributed in the wild and poses a serious risk to people who are unaware of its potential for harm.		A close relative of cow parsley, it can reach over 3m (10ft) in height. It is potentially invasive and the sap can cause severe skin burns. It is widely distributed in the wild and poses a serious risk to people who are unaware of its potential for harm.

	===Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)===		===Japanese knotweed (''Fallopia japonica'')===
	Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.		Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.

	=== ~~The full~~ list of banned plants ===		=== Full list of banned plants ===
	The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in EU (including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales (EW), Northern Ireland (NI~~), Scotland (S~~), Republic of Ireland (RI):		The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in EU (including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales (EW), Scotland (S), Northern Ireland (NI), Republic of Ireland (RI):

	* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU
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	* ''Triadica sebifera'' (Chinese tallow tree) EU		* ''Triadica sebifera'' (Chinese tallow tree) EU
	* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) S, NI, RI		* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) S, NI, RI

	~~===Regulations===~~
	~~;Moving specified plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK~~

	~~You must be authorised by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to import, move or keep specified material. This used to be known as scientific licensing.~~

	~~;2020 legislation~~

	[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1527/schedule/11 ANNEX 13] List of plants, plant products and other objects for which a UK plant passport is required for their movement within Great Britain or for their introduction into Great Britain from a CD territory.

	Includes many things but specifically "Plants of ''Abies'' Mill., ''Larix'' Mill., ''Picea'' A. Dietr., ''Pinus'' L. and ''Pseudotsuga'' Carr over three metres in height, including felled or fallen trees, other than fruit, seeds, leaves or foliage."

	==Threatened plants==		==Threatened plants==
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	*'''Marsh Marigold''' in particular has the "Status: Amber - Vulnerable and Near-Threatened" (from the Plantlife website:-http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/marsh-marigold)		*'''Marsh Marigold''' in particular has the "Status: Amber - Vulnerable and Near-Threatened" (from the Plantlife website:-http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/marsh-marigold)

	*'''British Bluebells''' are threatened by the invasion of Spanish Bluebells. Although Spanish ones are not illegal to exchange or sell, it is recommended that they are kept away from rural gardens and woodlands to preserve the British bluebells. A discussion on Central in November 2022 gives some insight - https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/spanish-bluebells/5653		*'''British Bluebells''' are threatened by the invasion of Spanish Bluebells. Although Spanish ones are not illegal to exchange or sell, it is recommended that they are kept away from rural gardens and woodlands to preserve the British bluebells. A discussion on Central in November 2022 gives some insight: https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/spanish-bluebells/5653

	==External links==		==External links==
	*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-prohibited-plants-plant-pests-pathogens-and-soil GOV.UK]		*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-prohibited-plants-plant-pests-pathogens-and-soil Moving specified plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil] – GOV.UK
			*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-non-native-alien-plant-species-rules-in-england-and-wales#list-of-invasive-plant-species Invasive non-native (alien) plant species: rules in England and Wales]
	*[https://nbn.org.uk/news/be-plant-wise/ Be Plant Wise], National Biodiversity Network		*[https://nbn.org.uk/news/be-plant-wise/ Be Plant Wise], National Biodiversity Network
	*[https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise Be Plant Wise], GB Non-Native Species Secretariat		*[https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise Be Plant Wise], GB Non-Native Species Secretariat

Neville Reid: /* The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) */ update, add link to RHS source

2025-04-12T12:20:46Z

The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI): update, add link to RHS source

Show changes

Neville Reid: Be Plant Wise campaign links, updated GOV.UK

2025-04-11T13:01:48Z

Be Plant Wise campaign links, updated GOV.UK

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 11 April 2025
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	After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.		After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.

			==Plants banned from propagation==
	https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants has some good information.		https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants has some good information.
	Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated; the most common are:		Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated; the most common are:

	====Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)====		===Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)===
	The sale or release of Yellow Skunk Cabbage [Lysichiton americanus] (including the spread into neighbouring gardens) was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations on Invasive Alien Species in March 2016.		The sale or release of Yellow Skunk Cabbage [Lysichiton americanus] (including the spread into neighbouring gardens) was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations on Invasive Alien Species in March 2016.
	The RHS advised then that "Gardeners who already have it in their gardens must ensure it does not spread further."		The RHS advised then that "Gardeners who already have it in their gardens must ensure it does not spread further."
Line 13:		Line 14:
	For more info see [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/assets/Good_Practice_Management_-_American_skunk_cabbage.pdf Good practice management guidance for American skunk cabbage (PDF)] - RAPID (2018).		For more info see [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/assets/Good_Practice_Management_-_American_skunk_cabbage.pdf Good practice management guidance for American skunk cabbage (PDF)] - RAPID (2018).

	====Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)====		===Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)===
	A close relative of cow parsley, it can reach over 3m (10ft) in height. It is potentially invasive and the sap can cause severe skin burns. It is widely distributed in the wild and poses a serious risk to people who are unaware of its potential for harm.		A close relative of cow parsley, it can reach over 3m (10ft) in height. It is potentially invasive and the sap can cause severe skin burns. It is widely distributed in the wild and poses a serious risk to people who are unaware of its potential for harm.

	====Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)====		===Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)===
	Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.		Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.

	==== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) ~~are =~~===		=== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) ===
	* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU
	* ''Acaena spp.'' (pirri-pirri bur) NI		* ''Acaena spp.'' (pirri-pirri bur) NI
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	* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) NI, RI		* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) NI, RI

	~~'''From Gov.uk (~~Moving ~~prohibited~~ plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK~~''':~~		===Regulations===
			;Moving specified plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK

	You must ~~have a licence~~ to import, move or keep ~~any plants, parts of plants or seeds listed in Schedule 6 of the [Plant Health (EU Exit) Regulations 2020] (The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020)~~.		You must be authorised by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to import, move or keep specified material. This used to be known as scientific licensing.

			;2020 legislation
	~~'''Updated Legislation from Gov.uk''':~~

	[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1527/schedule/11 ANNEX 13] List of plants, plant products and other objects for which a UK plant passport is required for their movement within Great Britain or for their introduction into Great Britain from a CD territory.		[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1527/schedule/11 ANNEX 13] List of plants, plant products and other objects for which a UK plant passport is required for their movement within Great Britain or for their introduction into Great Britain from a CD territory.
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	Includes many things but specifically "Plants of ''Abies'' Mill., ''Larix'' Mill., ''Picea'' A. Dietr., ''Pinus'' L. and ''Pseudotsuga'' Carr over three metres in height, including felled or fallen trees, other than fruit, seeds, leaves or foliage."		Includes many things but specifically "Plants of ''Abies'' Mill., ''Larix'' Mill., ''Picea'' A. Dietr., ''Pinus'' L. and ''Pseudotsuga'' Carr over three metres in height, including felled or fallen trees, other than fruit, seeds, leaves or foliage."

	====Threatened ~~Plants==~~==		==Threatened plants==

	There are also threatened plants that freegling can help, for instance:		There are also threatened plants that freegling can help, for instance:

	'''Marsh Marigold''' in particular has the "Status: Amber - Vulnerable and Near-Threatened" (from the Plantlife website:-http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/marsh-marigold)		*'''Marsh Marigold''' in particular has the "Status: Amber - Vulnerable and Near-Threatened" (from the Plantlife website:-http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/marsh-marigold)

	'''British Bluebells''' are threatened by the invasion of Spanish Bluebells. Although Spanish ones are not illegal to exchange or sell, it is recommended that they are kept away from rural gardens and woodlands to preserve the British bluebells. A discussion on Central in November 2022 gives some insight - https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/spanish-bluebells/5653		*'''British Bluebells''' are threatened by the invasion of Spanish Bluebells. Although Spanish ones are not illegal to exchange or sell, it is recommended that they are kept away from rural gardens and woodlands to preserve the British bluebells. A discussion on Central in November 2022 gives some insight - https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/spanish-bluebells/5653

			==External links==
			*[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/moving-prohibited-plants-plant-pests-pathogens-and-soil GOV.UK]
			*[https://nbn.org.uk/news/be-plant-wise/ Be Plant Wise], National Biodiversity Network
			*[https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise Be Plant Wise], GB Non-Native Species Secretariat


	Back to [[Specific Items]]		Back to [[Specific Items]]
	[[category:Specific Items]]		[[category:Specific Items]]

Neville Reid: update RHS link and replacement Annex 13

2024-07-02T16:45:32Z

update RHS link and replacement Annex 13

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 2 July 2024
Line 2:		Line 2:
	After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.		After conversations on Central in June 2022 (https://discourse.ilovefreegle.org/t/plants-specifically-tree-sapling-queries/5096), we reviewed the content of this page and concluded we do need to be careful about some specific plants, although tree saplings and trees are not illegal to give away.

	https://www.rhs.org.uk/~~advice~~/~~profile?PID=530~~ has some good information.		https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants has some good information.
	Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated, the most common are:		Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) there are nearly 40 plants that are banned from being shared or propagated; the most common are:

	====Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)====		====Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)====
Line 19:		Line 19:
	Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.		Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.

	==== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales'' (EW) and Northern Ireland'' (NI) are ====		==== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) are ====
	* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU
	* ''Acaena spp.'' (pirri-pirri bur) NI		* ''Acaena spp.'' (pirri-pirri bur) NI
Line 97:		Line 97:
	* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) NI, RI		* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) NI, RI

	'''From Gov.uk'' (Moving prohibited plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK''':		'''From Gov.uk (Moving prohibited plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK''':

	You must have a licence to import, move or keep any plants, parts of plants or seeds listed in Schedule 6 of the [Plant Health (EU Exit) Regulations 2020] (The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020).		You must have a licence to import, move or keep any plants, parts of plants or seeds listed in Schedule 6 of the [Plant Health (EU Exit) Regulations 2020] (The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020).


	'''[Updated Legislation from Gov.uk]''':		'''Updated Legislation from Gov.uk''':

	ANNEX 13 List of plants, plant products and other objects for which a UK plant passport is required for their movement within Great Britain or for their introduction into Great Britain from a CD territory.		[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1527/schedule/11 ANNEX 13] List of plants, plant products and other objects for which a UK plant passport is required for their movement within Great Britain or for their introduction into Great Britain from a CD territory.
	Includes many things but specifically ~~‘Plants~~ of Abies Mill., Larix Mill., Picea A. Dietr., Pinus L. and Pseudotsuga Carr over three metres in height, including felled or fallen trees, other than fruit, seeds, leaves or foliage.
			Includes many things but specifically "Plants of ''Abies'' Mill., ''Larix'' Mill., ''Picea'' A. Dietr., ''Pinus'' L. and ''Pseudotsuga'' Carr over three metres in height, including felled or fallen trees, other than fruit, seeds, leaves or foliage."

	====Threatened Plants====		====Threatened Plants====

Neville Reid: /* The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) are */ add the second half of the list from https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants

2024-07-02T16:30:26Z

The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) are: add the second half of the list from https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 2 July 2024
Line 19:		Line 19:
	Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.		Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.

	==== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales (EW) and Northern Ireland (NI) are ====		==== The full list of banned plants in EU, England & Wales'' (EW) and Northern Ireland'' (NI) are ====
	*Acacia saligna (golden wreath wattle) EU		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU
	*Acaena spp. (pirri-pirri bur) NI		* ''Acaena spp.'' (pirri-pirri bur) NI
	*Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) EU		* ''Ailanthus altissima'' (tree of heaven) EU
	*Allium paradoxum (few-flowered leek) EW, NI		* ''Allium paradoxum'' (few-flowered leek) EW, NI
	*Allium triquetrum (three-cornered garlic) EW		* ''Allium triquetrum'' (three-cornered garlic) EW
	*Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) EU		* ''Alternanthera philoxeroides'' (alligator weed) EU
	*Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) EU		* ''Andropogon virginicus'' (broomsedge) EU
	*Arundo donax (giant reed) NI		* ''Arundo donax'' (giant reed) NI
	*Asclepias syriaca (milkweed) EU		* ''Asclepias syriaca'' (milkweed) EU
	*Azolla filiculoides (water fern) EW, NI, Banned from sale in UK since 2014		* ''Azolla filiculoides'' (water fern) EW, NI, Banned from sale in UK since 2014
	*Baccharis halmifolia (tree groundsel) EU		* ''Baccharis halmifolia'' (tree groundsel) EU
	*Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort, water shield) EU		* ''Cabomba caroliniana'' (Carolina fanwort, water shield) EU
	*Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) EU		* ''Cardiospermum grandiflorum'' (balloon vine) EU
	*Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig) EW, NI		* ''Carpobrotus edulis'' (Hottentot fig) EW, NI
	*Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) EU		* ''Cortaderia jubata'' (purple pampas grass) EU
	*Cotoneaster bullatus (cotoneaster, hollyberry) EW		* ''Cotoneaster bullatus'' (cotoneaster, hollyberry) EW
	*Cotoneaster horizontalis (cotoneaster) EW		* ''Cotoneaster horizontalis'' (cotoneaster) EW
	*Cotoneaster integrifolius (entire-leaved cotoneaster) EW		* ''Cotoneaster integrifolius'' (entire-leaved cotoneaster) EW
	*Cotoneaster microphyllus (small-leaved cotoneaster) EW		* ''Cotoneaster microphyllus'' (small-leaved cotoneaster) EW
	*Cotoneaster simonsii (Himalayan cotoneaster) EW		* ''Cotoneaster simonsii'' (Himalayan cotoneaster) EW
	*Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop, New Zealand pygmyweed) EW, NI, Banned from sale in UK since 2014		* ''Crassula helmsii'' (Australian swamp stonecrop, New Zealand pygmyweed) EW, NI, Banned from sale in UK since 2014
	*Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (montbretia) EW		* ''Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora'' (montbretia) EW
	*Diphysma crassifolium (purple dewplant) EW		* ''Diphysma crassifolium'' (purple dewplant) EW
	*Egeria densa (large flowered waterweed) NI		* ''Egeria densa'' (large flowered waterweed) NI
	*Ehrharta calycina (purple veldgrass) EU		* ''Ehrharta calycina'' (purple veldgrass) EU
	*Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) EU		* ''Eichhornia crassipes'' (water hyacinth) EU
	*Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall’s water weed) EU		* ''Elodea nuttallii'' (Nuttall’s water weed) EU
	*Elodea spp. (waterweeds) EW, NI		* ''Elodea spp.'' (waterweeds) EW, NI
	*Fallopia japonica (RHS accepted name Reynoutria japonica) (Japanese knotweed) EW, NI		* ''Fallopia japonica'' (RHS accepted name Reynoutria japonica)'' (Japanese knotweed) EW, NI
	*Fallopia japonica × Fallopia sachalinensis [F. × bohemica] (hybrid knotweed) EW, NI		* ''Fallopia japonica × Fallopia sachalinensis [F. × bohemica]'' (hybrid knotweed) EW, NI
	*Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) EW, NI		* ''Fallopia sachalinensis'' (giant knotweed) EW, NI
	*Gunnera tinctoria (giant rhubarb) EU		* ''Gunnera tinctoria'' (giant rhubarb) EU
	*Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea) EU		* ''Gymnocoronis spilanthoides'' (Senegal tea) EU
	*Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) NI		* ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' (sea buckthorn) NI
	*Hyacinthoides hispanica (Spanish bluebell) NI		* ''Hyacinthoides hispanica'' (Spanish bluebell) NI
	*Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) EW, NI,Banned from sale in UK since 2014		* ''Hydrocotyle ranunculoides'' (floating pennywort) EW, NI,Banned from sale in UK since 2014
	*Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) EU		* ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) EU
	*Heracleum persicum (giant hogweed, Tromsø palm) EU		* ''Heracleum persicum'' (giant hogweed, Tromsø palm) EU
	*Heracleum sosnowskyi (giant hogweed) EU		* ''Heracleum sosnowskyi'' (giant hogweed) EU
	*Humulus scandens (Japanese hop) EU		* ''Humulus scandens'' (Japanese hop) EU
	*Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) EU		* ''Hydrocotyle ranunculoides'' (floating pennywort) EU
	*Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) EU		* ''Impatiens glandulifera'' (Himalayan balsam) EU
	*Lagarosiphon major (curly waterweed) EU		* ''Lagarosiphon major'' (curly waterweed) EU
	*Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum (RHS accepted name Lamium galeobdolon 'Florentinum') (variegated yellow archangel) EW		* ''Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum'' (RHS accepted name ''Lamium galeobdolon'' 'Florentinum') (variegated yellow archangel) EW
	*Lespedeza cuneata (Chinese shrub clover) EU		* ''Lespedeza cuneata'' (Chinese shrub clover) EU
	*Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) NI		* ''Lonicera japonica'' (Japanese honeysuckle) NI
	*Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) EU, Banned from sale in UK since 2014		* ''Ludwigia grandiflora'' (water primrose) EU, Banned from sale in UK since 2014
	*Ludwigia peploides (floating water primrose) EU, Banned from sale in UK since 2014		* ''Ludwigia peploides'' (floating water primrose) EU, Banned from sale in UK since 2014
			* ''Lygodium japonicum'' (climbing fern) EU
			* ''Lysichiton americanus'' (skunk cabbage) EU
			* ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese stiltgrass) EU
			* ''Myriophyllum aquaticum'' (parrot’s feather) EU, Banned from sale in UK since 2014
			* ''Myriophyllum heterophyllum'' (broadleaf watermilfoil) EU
			* ''Nymphoides peltata'' (fringed waterlily) NI, RI
			* ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' (parthenium weed) EU
			* ''Parthenocissus inserta'' (false Virginia creeper) EW
			* ''Parthenocissus quinquefolia'' (Virginia creeper) EW
			* ''Pennisetum setaceum'' (crimson fountain grass) EU
			* ''Persicaria wallichii'' (RHS accepted name ''Koenigia polystachya'') (Himalayan knotweed) RI
			* ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce) EW, NI, RI
			* ''Polygonum perfoliatum'' (RHS accepted name ''Persicaria perfoliata'') (mile-a-minute weed) EU
			* ''Prosopis juliflora'' (mesquite) EU
			* ''Pueraria montana var. lobata'' (kudzu) EU
			* ''Rhododendron luteum'' (yellow azalea) EW
			* ''Rhododendron ponticum'' (rhododendron) EW, RI
			* ''Rhododendron ponticum × Rhododendron maximum'' (rhododendron) EW, RI
			* ''Rosa rugosa'' (Japanese rose) EW
			* ''Rubus spectabilis'' (salmonberry) NI, RI
			* ''Sagittaria latifolia'' (duck potato) EW
			* ''Salvinia molesta'' (giant salvinia) EU
			* ''Smyrnium perfoliatum'' (perfoliate Alexanders) EW
			* ''Spartina spp. and hybrids'' (cord-grasses) NI, RI
			* ''Stratiotes aloides'' (water soldier) NI
			* ''Trapa natans'' (water chestnut) NI, RI
			* ''Triadica sebifera'' (Chinese tallow tree) EU
			* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) NI, RI

			'''From Gov.uk'' (Moving prohibited plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK''':

	~~'''From Gov.uk (Moving prohibited plants, plant pests, pathogens and soil - GOV.UK''':~~		You must have a licence to import, move or keep any plants, parts of plants or seeds listed in Schedule 6 of the [Plant Health (EU Exit) Regulations 2020] (The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020).

	You must have a licence to import, move or keep any plants, parts of plants or seeds listed in Schedule 6 of the [Plant Health (EU Exit) Regulations 2020]([(The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020)~~The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020]~~

Neville Reid: /* Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus) */ replace dead link

2024-07-02T16:19:14Z

Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus): replace dead link

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:19, 2 July 2024
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	====Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)====		====Yellow Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)====
	The sale or ~~exchange, or export in any living form from your garden including the spread into neighbouring gardens~~ of Yellow Skunk Cabbage [Lysichiton americanus] was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations in March 2016.		The sale or release of Yellow Skunk Cabbage [Lysichiton americanus] (including the spread into neighbouring gardens) was prohibited as an invasive alien plant under the EU Regulations on Invasive Alien Species in March 2016.
			The RHS advised then that "Gardeners who already have it in their gardens must ensure it does not spread further."

	~~From~~ the ~~RHS website :~~-~~https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1209~~		A suggestion to kill the plant and allow it to then be disposed of as organic matter is to simply place it in a doubled bin bag (or as many as necessary) sealed with an air-excluding knot and leave it to rot for a year or so. Taking it to a recycling centre alive would be an offence and risk spreading it further.
	~~"From March 2016 The EU Regulation on Invasive Alien Species will prohibit the sale~~ and ~~exchange of this species~~. ~~Gardeners who already have~~ it ~~in their gardens must ensure~~ it ~~does not spread~~ further.''

	~~A suggestion to kill the plant is and allow it to then be disposed of as organic matter is to simply place it in a doubled bin bag~~ (~~or as many as necessary~~) ~~sealed with an air excluding knot and leave it to rot for a year or so. Taking it to the recycling alive would be an offence and risk spreading it further~~.		For more info see [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/assets/Good_Practice_Management_-_American_skunk_cabbage.pdf Good practice management guidance for American skunk cabbage (PDF)] - RAPID (2018).

	====Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)====		====Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)====

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 13 April 2025
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	Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.		Bamboo-like stems shoot to over 2.1m (7ft), suppressing all other growth. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 includes Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants.

	=== Full list of banned plants ===		=== Full list of banned and restricted plants ===
	The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in EU (including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales (EW), Scotland (S), Northern Ireland (NI), Republic of Ireland (RI):		The [https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/invasive-non-native-plants Royal Horticultural Society lists the following] as covered by regulations in Europe ("EU", including UK and Republic of Ireland), England & Wales ("EW"), Scotland ("S"), Northern Ireland ("NI"), Republic of Ireland ("RI"). * denotes the 36 species banned from being planted anywhere; others may be planted on your land but must not be allowed to spread into the wild.

	* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU		* ''Acacia saligna'' (golden wreath wattle) EU *
	* ''Acaena'' spp. (pirri-pirri bur) S, NI		* ''Acaena'' spp. (pirri-pirri bur) S, NI
	* ''Ailanthus altissima'' (tree of heaven) EU		* ''Ailanthus altissima'' (tree of heaven) EU *
	* ''Allium paradoxum'' (few-flowered leek) EW, S, NI		* ''Allium paradoxum'' (few-flowered leek) EW, S, NI
	* ''Allium triquetrum'' (three-cornered garlic) EW, S		* ''Allium triquetrum'' (three-cornered garlic) EW, S
	* ''Alternanthera philoxeroides'' (alligator weed) EU		* ''Alternanthera philoxeroides'' (alligator weed) EU *
	* ''Andropogon virginicus'' (broomsedge) EU		* ''Andropogon virginicus'' (broomsedge) EU *
	* ''Aponogeton distachyos'' (Cape pondweed) S, RI		* ''Aponogeton distachyos'' (Cape pondweed) S, RI
	* ''Arundo donax'' (giant reed) S, NI		* ''Arundo donax'' (giant reed) S, NI
	* ''Asclepias syriaca'' (milkweed) EU		* ''Asclepias syriaca'' (milkweed) EU *
	* ''Azolla filiculoides'' (water fern) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Azolla filiculoides'' (water fern) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Baccharis halmifolia'' (tree groundsel) EU		* ''Baccharis halmifolia'' (Eastern baccharis, tree groundsel) EU *
	* ''Cabomba caroliniana'' (Carolina fanwort, water shield) EU		* ''Cabomba caroliniana'' (Carolina fanwort, water shield) EU *
	* ''Cardiospermum grandiflorum'' (balloon vine) EU		* ''Cardiospermum grandiflorum'' (balloon vine) EU *
	* ''Carpobrotus edulis'' (Hottentot fig) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Carpobrotus edulis'' (Hottentot fig) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Cortaderia jubata'' (purple pampas grass) EU		* ''Cortaderia jubata'' (purple pampas grass) EU *
	* ''Cotoneaster bullatus'' (cotoneaster, hollyberry) EW, S		* ''Cotoneaster bullatus'' (cotoneaster, hollyberry) EW, S
	* ''Cotoneaster horizontalis'' (cotoneaster) EW, S		* ''Cotoneaster horizontalis'' (cotoneaster) EW, S
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	* ''Cotoneaster simonsii'' (Himalayan cotoneaster) EW, S		* ''Cotoneaster simonsii'' (Himalayan cotoneaster) EW, S
	* ''Crassula helmsii'' (Australian swamp stonecrop, New Zealand pygmyweed) EW, S, NI		* ''Crassula helmsii'' (Australian swamp stonecrop, New Zealand pygmyweed) EW, S, NI
	* ''Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora'' (~~montbretia~~) EW, S		* ''Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora'' (Montbretia) EW, S
	* ''Diphysma crassifolium'' (purple dewplant) EW, S		* ''Diphysma crassifolium'' (purple dewplant) EW, S
	* ''Egeria densa'' (large flowered waterweed) S, NI, RI		* ''Egeria densa'' (large flowered waterweed) S, NI, RI
	* ''Ehrharta calycina'' (purple ~~veldgrass~~) EU		* ''Ehrharta calycina'' (purple veldtgrass, perennial veldt grass) EU *
	* ''Eichhornia crassipes'' (water hyacinth) EU		* ''Eichhornia crassipes'' (water hyacinth) EU *
	* ''Elodea nuttallii'' (Nuttall’s ~~water weed~~) EU		* ''Elodea nuttallii'' (Nuttall’s waterweed) EU *
	* ''Elodea spp.'' (waterweeds) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Elodea spp.'' (waterweeds) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Fallopia japonica'' (''Reynoutria japonica'', Japanese knotweed) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Fallopia japonica'' (''Reynoutria japonica'', Japanese knotweed) EW, S, NI, RI
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	* ''Fallopia sachalinensis'' (giant knotweed) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Fallopia sachalinensis'' (giant knotweed) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Gunnera manicata'' (Brazilian giant rhubarb) S, RI		* ''Gunnera manicata'' (Brazilian giant rhubarb) S, RI
	* ''Gunnera tinctoria'' (giant rhubarb) EU		* ''Gunnera tinctoria'' (Chilean rhubarb, giant rhubarb) EU *
	* ''Gymnocoronis spilanthoides'' (Senegal tea) EU		* ''Gymnocoronis spilanthoides'' (Senegal tea) EU *
	* ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) EU		* ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) EU *
	* ''Heracleum persicum'' (Persian hogweed, Tromsø palm) EU		* ''Heracleum persicum'' (Persian hogweed, Tromsø palm) EU *
	* ''Heracleum sosnowskyi'' (Sosnowsky's hogweed) EU		* ''Heracleum sosnowskyi'' (Sosnowsky's hogweed) EU *
	* ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' (sea buckthorn) S, NI, RI		* ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' (sea buckthorn) S, NI, RI
	* ''Humulus scandens'' (Japanese hop) EU		* ''Humulus scandens'' (Japanese hop) EU *
	* ''Hyacinthoides hispanica'' (Spanish bluebell) S, NI, RI		* ''Hyacinthoides hispanica'' (Spanish bluebell) S, NI, RI
	* ''Hydrocotyle ranunculoides'' (floating pennywort) EU		* ''Hydrocotyle ranunculoides'' (floating pennywort) EU *
	* ''Impatiens glandulifera'' (Himalayan balsam) EU		* ''Impatiens glandulifera'' (Himalayan balsam) EU *
	* ''Juncus planifolius'' (broad-leaved rush) S, RI		* ''Juncus planifolius'' (broad-leaved rush) S, RI
	* ''Lagarosiphon major'' (curly waterweed) EU		* ''Lagarosiphon major'' (curly waterweed) EU *
	* ''Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum'' (''Lamium galeobdolon'' 'Florentinum', variegated yellow archangel) EW, S		* ''Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum'' (''Lamium galeobdolon'' 'Florentinum', variegated yellow archangel) EW, S
	* ''Lespedeza cuneata'' (Chinese shrub clover) EU		* ''Lespedeza cuneata'' (Chinese shrub clover, Chinese bushclover) EU *
	* ''Lonicera japonica'' (Japanese honeysuckle) S, NI		* ''Lonicera japonica'' (Japanese honeysuckle) S, NI
	* ''Ludwigia grandiflora'' (water primrose) EU		* ''Ludwigia grandiflora'' (water primrose) EU *
	* ''Ludwigia peploides'' (floating water primrose) EU		* ''Ludwigia peploides'' (floating water primrose) EU *
	* ''Ludwigia uruguayensis'' (''Ludwigia grandiflora'' subsp. ''hexapetala'', water primrose) S, EW, NI, RI		* ''Ludwigia uruguayensis'' (''Ludwigia grandiflora'' subsp. ''hexapetala'', water primrose) S, EW, NI, RI
	* ''Lygodium japonicum'' (climbing fern) EU		* ''Lygodium japonicum'' (climbing fern, vine-like fern) EU *
	* ''Lysichiton americanus'' (yellow skunk cabbage) EU		* ''Lysichiton americanus'' (American skunk cabbage, yellow skunk cabbage) EU *
	* ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese stiltgrass) EU		* ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese stiltgrass) EU *
	* ''Myriophyllum aquaticum'' (parrot’s feather) EU		* ''Myriophyllum aquaticum'' (parrot’s feather) EU *
	* ''Myriophyllum heterophyllum'' (broadleaf watermilfoil) EU		* ''Myriophyllum heterophyllum'' (broadleaf watermilfoil) EU *
	* ''Nymphoides peltata'' (fringed waterlily) S, NI, RI		* ''Nymphoides peltata'' (fringed waterlily) S, NI, RI
	* ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' (parthenium weed) EU		* ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' (whitetop weed, parthenium weed) EU *
	* ''Parthenocissus inserta'' (false Virginia creeper) EW, S		* ''Parthenocissus inserta'' (false Virginia creeper) EW, S
	* ''Parthenocissus quinquefolia'' (Virginia creeper) EW, S		* ''Parthenocissus quinquefolia'' (Virginia creeper) EW, S
	* ''Pennisetum setaceum'' (crimson fountain grass) EU		* ''Pennisetum setaceum'' (crimson fountain grass) EU *
	* ''Persicaria wallichii'' (''Koenigia polystachya'', Himalayan knotweed) S, NI, RI		* ''Persicaria wallichii'' (''Koenigia polystachya'', Himalayan knotweed) S, NI, RI
	* ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce) EW, S, NI, RI		* ''Pistia stratiotes'' (water lettuce) EW, S, NI, RI
	* ''Polygonum perfoliatum'' (''Persicaria perfoliata'', mile-a-minute weed) EU		* ''Polygonum perfoliatum'' (''Persicaria perfoliata'', Asiatic tearthumb, mile-a-minute weed) EU
	* ''Prosopis juliflora'' (mesquite) EU		* ''Prosopis juliflora'' (mesquite) EU *
	* ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' (kudzu) EU		* ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' (kudzu) EU *
	* ''Rhododendron luteum'' (yellow azalea) EW, S		* ''Rhododendron luteum'' (yellow azalea) EW, S
	* ''Rhododendron ponticum'' (rhododendron) EW, S, RI		* ''Rhododendron ponticum'' (rhododendron) EW, S, RI
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	* ''Rubus spectabilis'' (salmonberry) S, NI, RI		* ''Rubus spectabilis'' (salmonberry) S, NI, RI
	* ''Sagittaria latifolia'' (duck potato) EW, S		* ''Sagittaria latifolia'' (duck potato) EW, S
	* ''Salvinia molesta'' (giant salvinia) EU		* ''Salvinia molesta'' (Salvinia moss, giant salvinia) EU *
	* ''Smyrnium perfoliatum'' (perfoliate Alexanders) EW, S		* ''Smyrnium perfoliatum'' (perfoliate Alexanders) EW, S
	* ''Spartina'' spp. and hybrids (cord-grasses) S, NI, RI		* ''Spartina'' spp. and hybrids (cord-grasses) S, NI, RI
	* ''Stratiotes aloides'' (water soldier) S, NI		* ''Stratiotes aloides'' (water soldier) S, NI
	* ''Trapa natans'' (water chestnut) S, NI, RI		* ''Trapa natans'' (water chestnut) S, NI, RI
	* ''Triadica sebifera'' (Chinese tallow ~~tree~~) EU		* ''Triadica sebifera'' (Chinese tallow) EU *
	* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) S, NI, RI		* ''Zostera japonica'' (dwarf eelgrass) S, NI, RI